• The sentencing judge should take into account the collateral immigration consequences flowing from a sentence when determining a fit sentence.

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• Trial and appellate courts may (modestly) reduce an otherwise fit sentence in order to avoid collateral immigration consequences: R v Nassri, 2015 ONCA 316; R v Edwards, 2015 ONCA 537; R v Ansari, 2015 ONCA 891; R v Frater, 2016 ONCA 386